Caracterización clínica y terapéutica de una cohorte multicéntrica de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en Colombia / Clinical and therapeutic characterisation of a multicentre cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Colombia

Introducción: En Latinoamérica y Colombia hay pocos estudios acerca las características clínicas y terapéuticas de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). Se plantea como objetivo obtener una aproximación a dichos datos a partir de una muestra de pacientes de diferentes centros de referencia en Colombia. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en pacientes adultos y pediátricos, con EII, atendidos ambulatoriamente en seis instituciones en diferentes ciudades, entre 2017-2020 se recolectó información en fechas distintas, acerca aspectos demográficos, clínicos y terapéuticos. Resultados: Seiscientos cinco sujetos, 565 (93,4%) adultos, edad promedio de 43 años (DE 12,78), 64% con colitis ulcerosa (CU). La edad de diagnóstico de CU fue 41,9 años, mientras en enfermedad de Crohn (EC) fue 47,9 años. En CU, mayor compromiso izquierdo (47,2%), y en EC, 42,8% ileocolónico (L3). Más de 50% en actividad leve o remisión clínica. En CU, el requerimiento de biológico fue de 27,2%. mientras en EC, 78%. Requerimiento global de hospitalización en 39,5%, y necesidad de cirugía, de 37,5% en CU y 62,5% en EC. También, 40 pacientes pediátricos, 90% mujeres, siendo CU más frecuente (80%). En CU, 83,3% presentaron colitis extensa, y en EC, todas con localización ileocolónica (L3). Más de 95% en actividad leve o remisión. Requerimiento de biológico, en 16,6 y 75%, para CU y EC, respectivamente. La frecuencia hospitalizaciones y cirugía fue 2,7%. Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra algunas características únicas de los pacientes con EII en Colombia. Se requiere de un diagnóstico más temprano, con un mejor enfoque terapéutico. (AU)

Introduction: In Latin America and Colombia there are few studies about the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this study is to obtain an approximation to these data from a sample of patients from different reference centres in Colombia. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study in adult and paediatric patients, with IBD, attended ambulatory in 6 institutions in different cities, between 2017 and 2020 information was collected on different dates, about demographic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects. Results: Six hundred and five subjects, 565 (93.4%) adults, mean age 43 years (SD 12.78), 64% with ulcerative colitis (UC). The age at diagnosis of UC was 41.9 years, while in Crohn's disease (CD) it was 47.9 years. In UC, there was greater left involvement (47.2%), and in CD, 42.8% ileocolonic (L3). More than 50% were in mild activity or clinical remission. In UC, the biologic requirement was 27.2%, while in CD, 78%. Overall hospitalisation requirement was 39.5%, and the need for surgery was 37.5% in UC and 62.5% in CD. Also, 40 pediatric patients, 90% female, with UC being more frequent (80%). In UC, 83.3% presented extensive colitis, and in CD, all with ileocolonic localization (L3). More than 95% were in mild activity or remission. Biologic therapy was required in 16.6% and 75% for UC and CD, respectively. The frequency of hospitalisations and surgery was 2.7%. Conclusions: This study shows some unique characteristics of patients with IBD in Colombia. An earlier diagnosis is required, with a better therapeutic approach. (AU)

Remodelado eléctrico reverso en pacientes tratados con terapia de resincronización cardíaca / Reverse electrical remodeling in patients under cardiac resynchronization therapy

RESUMEN Introducción : La terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) se indica en pacientes que habitualmente presentan remodelado cardíaco generado por dilatación y disincronía contráctil. La TRC contribuye al remodelado reverso, relacionado con menor mortalidad y hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Se han observado además mejoras en la conducción intraventricular, con reducción del tiempo de activación. La cuantificación del remodelado eléctrico reverso se ha subutilizado como parámetro de respuesta, con escasos reportes sobre su asociación con la respuesta clínica-estructural. Objetivo : Analizar el remodelado eléctrico reverso intraventricular como parámetro de respuesta a la TRC. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con más de 6 meses de implante. Se obtuvo un ECG con estimulación desactivada (QRS intrínseco, QRSi, post TRC), y por ecocardiograma transtorácico se definió la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI), el diámetro de fin de diástole del ventrículo izquierdo (DFDVI) y la presencia de insuficiencia mitral. Se clasificó a los pacientes según la respuesta clínica-estructural. El remodelado eléctrico se caracterizó con la comparación de la duración del QRS pre y post TRC y la valoración de los cambios del QRS (ΔQRSi) entre grupos. Resultados : Se incluyeron 23 pacientes. Un 39% presentó disminución >10 mseg del QRSi. Observamos un QRSi de -9,3 ± 20,7 mseg en respondedores, y 11,25 ± 18,9 mseg en no respondedores (p = 0,027), más acentuada en los hiper respondedores (ΔQRSi: -14,44 ± 17,40 mseg, p = 0,026). Las mujeres con QRS ≥150 mseg pre TRC exhibieron disminución significativa del QRSi (p = 0,0195). Conclusiones : El remodelado eléctrico reverso se comprobó en 39% de los pacientes que recibieron TRC. Observamos una relación significativa del QRSi con la respuesta clínica-estructural, mayor en hiper respondedores. Mujeres con QRS ancho pre-TRC exhiben remodelado eléctrico reverso más acentuado. Este es un parámetro de fácil acceso e interpretación durante los controles ambulatorios.

ABSTRACT Introduction : Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is indicated in patients who often present cardiac remodeling due to dilatation and contractile dyssynchrony. CRT contributes to reverse remodeling which is associated with reduced mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalizations. Improvements in intraventricular conduction with decreased ventricular activation time have also been observed. The quantification of reverse electrical remodeling has been underused as a parameter of response, and there are few reports on its association with the clinical-structural response. Objective : To analyze intraventricular reverse electrical remodeling as a parameter of response to CRT in living individuals. Methods : We included patients implanted at least 6 months ago. A deactivated stimulation ECG (post-CRT intrinsic QRS) was obtained, and by means of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and the presence of mitral regurgitation were defined. Patients were classified according to their clinical-structural response. Electrical remodeling was characterized by comparing pre- and post-CRT QRS duration and assessing QRS changes (ΔiQRS) between groups. Results : A total of 23 patients were included, 39% of which showed a >10 ms decrease in iQRS. We observed a iQRS of -9.3±20.7 ms in responders, and of 11.25±18.9 ms in non-responders (p=0.027), more marked in hyper-responders (ΔiQRS: -14.44±17.40 ms, p=0.026). Women with pre-CRT QRS ≥150 ms showed a significant decrease in iQRS (p=0.0195). Conclusion : Reverse electrical remodeling was found in 39% of the patients under CRT. We noted a significant relationship between iQRS and clinical-structural response, higher in hyper-responders. Women with wider pre-CRT QRS showed more marked reverse electrical remodeling. This parameter is accessible and easy to read in outpatient visits.

Fraude alimentario: Pasado, presente y futuro

La adulteración y el fraude de productos alimenticios son tan antiguos como los sistemas de procesamiento y producción de alimentos, sin embargo, en la actualidad son cada vez más frecuentes. Con la globalización y los sistemas de producción y distribución de alimentos cada día más complejos, la adulteración puede ocurrir en distintos puntos de la cadena alimentaria y tener un impacto de gran alcance, e incluso, consecuencias adversas para la salud de las personas. Los enfoques regulatorios de la comunidad internacional para enfrentar y resolver el fraude alimentario están dispersos y en constantes ajustes. Se necesita un enfoque colectivo y coordinado para identificar a todos los interesados en la cadena de suministro de alimentos, calificarlos y certificarlos, excluir a aquellos que no cumplan con los estándares adecuados y rastrear los alimentos en tiempo real. Este artículo de actualización revisará conceptos claves asociados a la integridad alimentaria, historia del fraude alimentario y episodios de fraude alimentario de connotación pública en el mundo y en Chile, herramientas analíticas y alimentos más vulnerables al fraude, reglamentos y nuevas acciones en el mundo y en Chile para enfrentar la inocuidad y el riesgo de fraude alimentario.

Food adulteration and food fraud is as old as food production and processing however, it is increasingly prevalent today. With globalization and increasingly complex food production and distribution systems, adulteration can occur at different points in the food chain and may have far-reaching impacts and even adverse consequences for human health. The international community's regulatory approaches to confronting and resolving food fraud are scattered and in constant adjustment. A collective and coordinated approach is needed to identify all stakeholders in the food supply chain, certify and qualify them, exclude those who do not meet applicable standards, and trace food in real time. This update provides definitions and background on key concepts associated with food integrity, episodes of food fraud in Chile and the world, main foods vulnerable to food fraud, common fraud practices and analytical techniques, regulations and new actions in Chile and the world to face food safety and the risk of food fraud.

Tropical shrubs living in an extreme environment show convergent ecological strategies but divergent ecophysiological strategies.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Trait-based frameworks assess plant survival strategies using different approaches. Some frameworks use functional traits to assign species to a priori defined ecological strategies. Others use functional traits as the central element of a species ecophysiological strategy. We compared these two approaches by asking: (1) what is the primary ecological strategy of three dominant co-occurring shrub species from inselbergs based on the CSR scheme, and (2) what main functional traits characterize the ecophysiological strategy of the species based on their use of carbon, water and light? METHODS: We conducted our study on a Colombian inselberg. In this extreme environment with multiple stressors (high temperatures and low resource availability), we expected all species to be stress tolerant (S in the CSR scheme) and have similar ecophysiological strategies. We measured 22 anatomical, morphological and physiological leaf traits. KEY RESULTS: The three species have convergent ecological strategies as measured by CSR (S, Acanthella sprucei; and S/CS, Mandevilla lancifolia and Tabebuia orinocensis) yet divergent resource-use strategies as measured by their functional traits. A. sprucei has the most conservative carbon use, risky water use and a shade-tolerant strategy. M. lancifolia has acquisitive carbon use, safe water use and a shade-tolerant strategy. T. orinocensis has intermediate carbon use, safe water use and a light-demanding strategy. Additionally, stomatal traits that are easy to measure are valuable to describe resource-use strategies because they are highly correlated with two physiological functions that are hard to measure: stomatal conductance and maximum photosynthesis per unit mass. CONCLUSIONS: The two approaches provide complementary information on species strategies. Plant species can co-occur in extreme environments, such as inselbergs, because they exhibit convergent primary ecological strategies but divergent ecophysiological strategies, allowing them to use limiting resources differently.

Clinical and therapeutic characterisation of a multicentre cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Colombia. / Caracterización clínica y terapéutica de una cohorte multicéntrica de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: In Latin America and Colombia there are few studies about the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this study is to obtain an approximation to these data from a sample of patients from different reference centres in Colombia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in adult and paediatric patients, with IBD, attended ambulatory in 6 institutions in different cities, between 2017 and 2020 information was collected on different dates, about demographic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects. RESULTS: Six hundred and five subjects, 565 (93.4%) adults, mean age 43 years (SD 12.78), 64% with ulcerative colitis (UC). The age at diagnosis of UC was 41.9 years, while in Crohn's disease (CD) it was 47.9 years. In UC, there was greater left involvement (47.2%), and in CD, 42.8% ileocolonic (L3). More than 50% were in mild activity or clinical remission. In UC, the biologic requirement was 27.2%, while in CD, 78%. Overall hospitalisation requirement was 39.5%, and the need for surgery was 37.5% in UC and 62.5% in CD. Also, 40 pediatric patients, 90% female, with UC being more frequent (80%). In UC, 83.3% presented extensive colitis, and in CD, all with ileocolonic localization (L3). More than 95% were in mild activity or remission. Biologic therapy was required in 16.6% and 75% for UC and CD, respectively. The frequency of hospitalisations and surgery was 2.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows some unique characteristics of patients with IBD in Colombia. An earlier diagnosis is required, with a better therapeutic approach.

Exposición intrauterina a disruptores endocrinos (ftalatos): fuentes de exposición y cuantificación de metabolitos urinarios / Intrauterine exposure to endocrine disruptors (phthalates): sources of exposure and quantification of urinary metabolites

Introducción: Los ftalatos son disruptores endocrinos usados en la fabricación de múltiples productos de la industria, principalmente plásticos. El periodo fetal representa la principal ventana de vulnerabilidad, y la exposición a ftalatos en esta etapa de vida genera efectos adversos fetales y postnatales. El biomarcador más fiable para medición de ftalatos es la orina. Objetivo: Caracterizar las diferentes fuentes de exposición a disruptores endocrinos y cuantificar la concentración urinaria de ftalatos en gestantes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo que incluye 400 gestantes que asistieron a control prenatal en las instituciones de salud Génesis y Metrosalud (Medellín-Colombia). Se caracterizaron fuentes de exposición, se recolectó muestras de orina de todas las gestantes, y cuantificó la concentración de ftalatos de 38 mujeres. Resultados: Las medias geométricas de ftalato Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP), Mono-n-butyl phthalate(MnBP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate(MEHHP) y Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate(MEOHP) fueron 162,72µg/L, 58,5 µg/L, 33,93µg/L y 31,63µg/L respectivamente. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las gestantes evaluadas han estado expuestas a lo largo de su vida a fuentes potenciales de disruptores endocrinos, presentes en químicos domésticos, tabaco y uso frecuente de cosméticos faciales y corporales. Las concentraciones de MnBP, MEHHP y MEOHP en orina de las participantes, fueron superiores a los hallazgos a nivel mundial.

Introduction: Phthalates are endocrine disruptors used in the manufacture of various industrial products, mainly plastics. The fetal period represents the principal window of vulnerability, and the exposure to Phthalates in this stage of life generates adverse fetal and post-natal effects. The most reliable biomarker for the assessment of Phthalates is urine. Objective: To characterize the different exposure sources of endocrine disruptors and quantify the urinary concentration of Phthalates in pregnant women. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study which included 400 pregnant women who received prenatal care in the Genesis and Metrosalud health institutions (Medellín-Colombia). Exposure sources were characterized and urine samples were collected from all pregnant women and the Phthalate concentration was quantified in 38 women. Results: The geometric measures of Phthalate Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP), Mono-n-butyl phthalate(MnBP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate(MEHHP) and Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate(MEOHP) were 162.72µg/L, 58.5 µg/L, 33.93µg/L and 31.63µg/L respectively. Conclusions: The majority of pregnant women that were evaluated were exposed to potential sources of endocrine disruptors throughout their life, which are present in household chemicals, tobacco, and frequent use of facial and body cosmetics. The concentrations of MnBP, MEHHP y MEOHP in urine of participants were higher than those found worldwide.

Microbiological and physicochemical characterization of a traditionally fermented corn product: "Champús" / Caracterización microbiológica y fisicoquímica de un producto de maíz tradicionalmente fermentado "Champús"

Background: Many native fermented foods in Latin America are made by indigenous communities through processes that preserve their traditions. Among these products is champús, a fermented drink or dessert native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It has a characteristic flavor between sweet and sour with a low alcohol content, is made from cereals such as corn, wheat, or a mixture of these, and can include fruits and spices. Objectives: This research evaluated the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory quality characteristics of champús to revalue the consumption of traditional foods. Methods: For this purpose, the microbiological safety criteria, fermenting microorganisms, and physicochemical and sensory parameters were evaluated for two batches of champús prepared by five producers and taking samples at different stages. Results: It was found that the average temperature and relative humidity for processing were between 16.5 ± 2.56 °C and 61.6 ± 9.14 %, respectively, and the products exceeded microbiological criteria such as total coliforms and some microbiological criteria for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There was also a high prevalence of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts throughout the process, with the occurrence of the genera Weissella, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus. The presence of organic acids (lactic, acetic, and propionic) and ethanol was evidenced. Champús seems to be a source of calcium, phosphorus, and free amino acids. Conclusions: This information provides a basis to propose improvement plans for small producers and, at the same time, to conduct more detailed studies on the native microbiota of champús

Antecedentes: Muchos de los alimentos nativos fermentados de América Latina son elaborados por las comunidades indígenas mediante procesos que preservan sus tradiciones. Entre estos productos se encuentra el "champús", una bebida o postre fermentado originario de Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Presenta un sabor característico entre dulce y ácido con un bajo contenido de alcohol, está elaborado a base de cereales como maíz, trigo o la mezcla de estos, y puede llevar entre sus ingredientes frutas y especias. Objetivo: Esta investigación evaluó las características de calidad microbiológica, fisicoquímica y sensorial del champús para revalorizar el consumo de los alimentos tradicionales. Métodos: Se evaluaron criterios de seguridad microbiológica, microorganismos fermentadores, parámetros fisicoquímicos y sensoriales de dos lotes de champús elaborados por 5 productores, tomando muestras en diferentes etapas de proceso. Resultados: Como resultados, se encontró que la temperatura y la humedad relativa promedio de elaboración estuvieron entre 16,5 ± 2,56 °C y 61,6 ± 9,14 % y que los productos superaron los criterios microbiológicos como coliformes totales y algunos criterios microbiológicos como Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus. También hubo una alta prevalencia de bacterias lácticas y levaduras a lo largo del proceso, identificándose los géneros Weissella, Leuconostoc y Lactobacillus. Se evidenció la presencia de ácidos orgánicos (láctico, acético y propiónico) y de etanol. El champús parece ser una fuente de calcio, fósforo y aminoácidos libres. Conclusión: Esta información sirve de base para proponer planes de mejora para los pequeños productores y al mismo tiempo para realizar estudios más detallados sobre la microbiota nativa del champús.

Virtual Reality Game for Physical and Emotional Rehabilitation of Landmine Victims.

Landmine victims require an engaging and immersive rehabilitation process to maintain motivation and therapeutic adherence, such as virtual reality games. This paper proposes a virtual reality exercise game called Exogames, which works with Nukawa, a lower limb rehabilitation robot (LLRR). Together, they constitute the general Kina system. The design and development process of Exogames is reported, as well as the evaluation of its potential for physical and emotional rehabilitation. In an initial survey designed ad-hoc, 13 health professionals evaluated compliance with various requirements. They agreed that Exogames would help the user focus on rehabilitation by providing motivation; 92.3% said that the user will feel safe in the virtual world, 66.7% of them agreed or totally agreed that it presents characteristics that may enhance the physical rehabilitation of lower limbs for amputees, 83.3% stated that it would promote the welfare of landmine victims, and 76.9% responded that the graphical interface and data report are useful for real-time assessment, and would be helpful for four interventional areas in all rehabilitation stages. In a second evaluation, using standardized surveys, five physical therapists and one lower limb amputee tried the Kina system as users. They filled out the System Usability Scale (SUS), the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), and the Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ). The usability of the Kina system overall score was 69 (66, 79) out of 100, suggesting an acceptable though improvable usability. The overall PACES score of 110 (108, 112) out of 126 suggests that users enjoyed the game well. Finally, users indicated a positive effect with a good sense of immersion and smooth of gameplay during the tests, as indicated by the GEQ results. In summary, the evaluations showed that Exogames has the potential to be used as a virtual reality game for the physical and emotional rehabilitation of landmine victims.

Translin facilitates RNA polymerase II dissociation and suppresses genome instability during RNase H2- and Dicer-deficiency.

The conserved nucleic acid binding protein Translin contributes to numerous facets of mammalian biology and genetic diseases. It was first identified as a binder of cancer-associated chromosomal translocation breakpoint junctions leading to the suggestion that it was involved in genetic recombination. With a paralogous partner protein, Trax, Translin has subsequently been found to form a hetero-octomeric RNase complex that drives some of its functions, including passenger strand removal in RNA interference (RNAi). The Translin-Trax complex also degrades the precursors to tumour suppressing microRNAs in cancers deficient for the RNase III Dicer. This oncogenic activity has resulted in the Translin-Trax complex being explored as a therapeutic target. Additionally, Translin and Trax have been implicated in a wider range of biological functions ranging from sleep regulation to telomere transcript control. Here we reveal a Trax- and RNAi-independent function for Translin in dissociating RNA polymerase II from its genomic template, with loss of Translin function resulting in increased transcription-associated recombination and elevated genome instability. This provides genetic insight into the longstanding question of how Translin might influence chromosomal rearrangements in human genetic diseases and provides important functional understanding of an oncological therapeutic target.

Species limits and introgression in Pimelodus from the Magdalena-Cauca River basin.

Low morphological differentiation among taxa hampers their appropriate identification, basic biological studies and promotion of any conservation effort. Aiming to provide the first insight into the evolution and speciation among north-western South American members of Pimelodus, this study tested the hypothesis that Pimelodus yuma, Pimelodus grosskopfii and Pimelodus crypticus represent three independently evolving species and explored signals of interspecific hybridisation. The outcomes based on mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (RADseq, microsatellites and rag2) markers combined with coalescence-based and allele-frequency methods confirmed that each studied species represents an independently evolving unit. Contrary to expectations, P. yuma was found as a sister clade of P. blochii, while P. crypticus (formerly confused with P. blochii) was phylogenetically closer to P. grosskopfii. We also found strong evidence of ancient introgression (0.66-3.32 mya) between the non-sibling species P. yuma and P. grosskopfii, breaking the absence of interbreeding and the independent evolutionary trajectory among north-western South American Pimelodus during their diversification history, a pre-requisite to define species limits. However, there were non-significant values of current gene flow between them, supporting the hypothesis of full isolation.

Nutritional supplementation with non-conventional food resources and its effect on the productive parameters in rabbits / Suplementación nutricional con recursos alimenticios no convencionales y su efecto sobre los parámetros productivos en conejos / Suplemento nutricional com recursos alimentares não convencionais e o seu efeito sobre e o seu efeito nos parâmetros produtivos dos coelhos

ABSTRACT The effect of diets with nonconventional forage resources, balu (Erythrina edulis) and giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza) was evaluated, on production parameters of New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) under family farming production, in Silvania (Cundinamarca, Colombia). 36 weaned rabbits of 35 days old were used. They were distributed in 4 treatments (substitution of commercial pellets by giant taro leaves flour 25% (Giant taro), balu 25% (Balu); their mixture, giant taro 12.5% and balu 12.5% (GB), and a control with commercial pellets) with three repetitions each. Variables evaluated: initial weight at 35 days old, daily weight gain, consumption, feed conversion and final weight at 85 days old, carcass yield, haunch, loin and meat. Data was analyzed by Tukey multiple comparison test at 5% significance level, variance homogeneity and error independence verified by means of Shapiro-Wilks, Levene and Durbin-Watson tests, respectively by R program. No significant differences were found in the final weight, on weeks 5 and 6, which registered significant differences (p<0.05), for giant taro (1771.85±88.21 AB), control (1933.06±88.20 B), giant taro (1935.05+91.26 AB), control (2144.42±91.26 B) respectively Daily weight gain showed significant differences (p<0.05) at week 5 for giant taro (33.56±2.82 AB); control (.37±2.825 B). Significant differences were showed by most zootechnical variables (p<0.05). The results showed that diets with nonconventional forage resources (balu and giant taro) are a viable alternative for animal feeding, due to their high nutritional content and as a by-product of commercial interest for rural families in areas of the middle Colombian tropics.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto de dietas con recursos forrajeros no convencionales, chachafruto (Erythrina edulis) y bore (Alocasia macrorrhiza), sobre parámetros productivos de conejos raza nueva Zelanda blanco (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bajo producción de agricultura familiar en Silvania (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Se utilizaron 36 conejos destetos de 35 días, los cuales fueron distribuidos en 4 tratamientos (sustitución de concentrado comercial por harinas de hojas de bore 25% (Bore), chachafruto 25% (Balu), su mezcla bore 12.5% y balu 12.5% (BB) y un control con concentrado comercial) con tres repeticiones cada uno. Se evaluaron variables como: peso inicial a los 35 días, ganancia diaria de peso, consumo, conversión alimenticia y peso final a los 85 dias de edad, rendimiento en canal, anca, lomo, carne. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba de comparación múltiple de Tukey con significancia del 5%. La varianza, homogeneidad y error fueron verificados por la prueba de Shapiro-Wilks, Levene y Durbin-Watson, utilizando el programa R. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso final, en las semanas 5 y 6 que registraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05), para el Bore (1771,85±88,21 AB); Control (1933,06±88,20 B) Bore (1935,05±91,26 AB); Control (2144,42±91,26 B) respectivamente; la ganancia diaria de peso presentó diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en la semana 5 para Bore (33,56±2,82 AB); Control (,37±2,825 B). La mayoría de variables zootécnicas presentaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05). Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que las dietas con recursos forrajeros no convencionales (chachafruto y bore) son una alternativa viable para la alimentación animal por su alto contenido nutricional y como subproducto de interés comercial para familias rurales de zonas del trópico medio colombiano.

RESUMO Foi avaliado o efeito das dietas com recursos forrageiros não convencionais, chachafruit (Erythrina edulis) e bore (Alocasia macrorrhiza), nos parâmetros produtivos dos coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculuss sob produção agrícola familiar na Silvânia (Cundinamarca, Colômbia). Foram utilizados 36 coelhos desmamados de 35 dias, que foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos (substituição do concentrado comercial por farinha de folha de furo 25% (Bore), chachafruit 25% (Balu), a sua mistura de furo 12,5% e balu 12,5% (BB) e um controlo com concentrado comercial) com três réplicas cada. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: peso inicial aos 35 dias, ganho de peso diário, ingestão de alimentos, conversão alimentar e peso final aos 85 dias de idade, rendimento da carcaça, alho, lombo e carne. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey com um significado de 5%. A variância, homogeneidade e erro foram verificados pelo teste Shapiro-Wilks, Levene e Durbin-Watson, utilizando o programa R. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no peso final, nas semanas 5 e 6 que registaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05), para Bore (1771,85±88,21 AB); Controlo (1933,06±88,20 B) Bore (1935,05±91,26 AB); Controlo (2144,42±91,26 B) respectivamente; o ganho de peso diário apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) na semana 5 para Bore (33,56±2,82 AB); Controlo (,37±2,825 B). A maioria das variáveis zootécnicas apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as dietas com recursos forrageiros não convencionais (chachafruit e bore) são uma alternativa viável para a alimentação animal devido ao seu elevado conteúdo nutricional e como subproduto de interesse comercial para as famílias rurais nas zonas meio-tropicais colombianas.

Population genetics of three threatened catfish species in heterogeneous environments of the Cauca River, Colombia

Neotropical catfishes Ageneiosus pardalis, Pimelodus grosskopfii and Sorubim cuspicaudus are migratory fishes of commercial importance that exhibit decreasing populations due to overfishing and other anthropic interventions. This study used species-specific microsatellite loci to test the hypothesis that threatened fish populations show genetic vulnerability signs and are genetically structured in the middle and lower sections of the Cauca River. The studied species exhibit genetic diversity levels higher than the average values reported for Neotropical Siluriformes; however, they seem to have suffered recent bottlenecks and they present significant endogamy levels that are higher for the critically endangered catfish P. grosskopfii. Furthermore, both Ageneiosus pardalis and S. cuspicaudus are each formed by one genetic group, while Pimelodus grosskopfii comprises two coexisting genetic groups. The information obtained in this study is useful for the decision making in management plans that are appropriate for the sustainability of these three species populations within the proposal for the expansion of the hydroelectric development and other anthropic activities.(AU)

Los bagres Neotropicales Ageneiosus pardalis, Pimelodus grosskopfii y Sorubim cuspicaudus, son peces migratorios de importancia comercial cuyas poblaciones han disminuido debido a la sobrepesca y otras intervenciones antrópicas. En este trabajo, se utilizaron loci microsatélites especie-específicos para contrastar la hipótesis de que las poblaciones de peces amenazadas muestran señales de vulnerabilidad genética y están genéticamente estructuradas en los sectores medio y bajo del río Cauca. Las especies estudiadas exhiben niveles de diversidad genética superiores a los promedios reportados para Siluriformes Neotropicales; sin embargo, parecen haber sufrido cuellos de botella recientes y presentan niveles significativos de endogamia que son más altos para el bagre en peligro crítico, P. grosskopfii. Además, Ageneiosus pardalis y S. cuspicaudus están conformados cada uno por un solo grupo genético, mientras que Pimelodus grosskopfii comprende dos grupos genéticos que coexisten. La información obtenida en este estudio es útil para la toma de decisiones en planes de manejo que sean adecuados para la sostenibilidad de las poblaciones de estas tres especies de bagre dentro de las propuestas para la expansión de desarrollo hidroeléctrico y otras actividades antrópicas.(AU)

In Vitro Anthelmintic Evaluation of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce: Fingerprint Analysis of Extracts by UHPLC-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.

In the present work, the anthelmintic activity (AA) of ethanolic extracts obtained from Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce was evaluated using the third-stage-larval (L3) exsheathment inhibition test (LEIT) and egg hatch test (EHT) on Haemonchus contortus. Extracts were tested at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL. The larval exsheathment inhibition (LEI) results showed that G. sepium achieved the highest average inhibition of 91.2%, compared with 44.6% for P. dulce and 41.0% for L. leucocephala at a concentration of 40 mg/mL; the corresponding IC50 values were 22.4, 41.7, and 43.3 mg/mL, respectively. The rates of egg hatching inhibition (EHI) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL were 99.5% for G. sepium, 64.2% for P. dulce, and 54% for L. leucocephala; the corresponding IC50 values were 1.9 mg/mL for G. sepium, 3.9 mg/mL for P. dulce, and 4.3 mg/mL for L. leucocephala. The species extracts studied here were also analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS), resulting in the compounds' identification associated with AA. Glycosylated flavonoids and methoxyphenols were observed in all three species: fatty acids in G. sepium and P. dulce; phenylpropanoids, anthraquinone glycosides, amino acids and glycosylated phenolic acids in G. sepium; and flavonoids in L. leucocephala. Comparatively, G. sepium presented a greater diversity of compounds potentially active against the control of gastrointestinal nematodes, which was associated with the results obtained in the applied tests.

Microsatellite loci development for three catfish species from northwestern South America

The Neotropical catfish species Ageneiosus pardalis, Pimelodus grosskopfii, and Sorubim cuspicaudus are important fishery resources in Colombia that show historical declines in their capture. This study used next-generation sequencing with 454 FLX technology (Roche Applied Science) and bioinformatics analysis to develop between 18 and 24 microsatellite loci for these species. The novel microsatellite loci showed high values of polymorphic information content -PIC (A. pardalis: 0.601-0.903, P. grosskopfii: 0.748-0.946 and S. cuspicaudus: 0.383-0.876), and the average number of alleles/locus ranged from 7-15 for A. pardalis, 9-30 for P. grosskopfii and 5-14 for S. cuspicaudus. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were respectively, 0.757 ± 0.035 and 0.834 ± 0.015 for A. pardalis; 0.596 ± 0.040 and 0.881 ± 0.009 for P. grosskopfii; and 0.747 ± 0.031 and 0.757 ± 0.025 for S. cuspicaudus. For future studies, these loci can be useful to estimate the genetic diversity and population structure in these three Neotropical catfishes.(AU)

Las especies de bagres neotropicales Ageneiosus pardalis, Pimelodus grosskopfii y Sorubim cuspicaudus, son importantes recursos pesqueros en Colombia y han mostrado disminuciones históricas en sus capturas. En este estudio se empleó la secuenciación genómica de próxima generación y análisis bioinformático para desarrollar entre 18 y 24 loci microsatélites para estas especies. Los loci microsatélites mostraron altos valores del contenido de información polimórfica CIP (A. pardalis: 0.601-0.903, P. grosskopfii: 0.748-0.946 and S. cuspicaudus: 0.383-0.876) y el número promedio de alelos/locus mostró un rango de 7-15 para A. pardalis, 9-30 para P. grosskopfii y 5-14 para S. cuspicaudus. Los valores promedio de heterocigosidad observada y esperada fueron respectivamente 0.757 ± 0.035 y 0.834 ± 0.015 para A. pardalis; 0.596 ± 0.040 y 0.881 ± 0.009 para P. grosskopfii; y 0.747 ± 0.031y 0.757 ± 0.025 para S. cuspicaudus. Los loci microsatélites desarrollados en este trabajo pueden ser útiles para estimar la diversidad genética y la estructura poblacional de estos tres bagres neotropicales en estudios futuros.(AU)

Applying satellite images to spectral signature development of maize production (Zea mays L. under Colombia's middle tropics conditions / Aplicación de imágenes satelitales para el desarrollo de una firma espectral en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L. bajo las condiciones de trópico medio colombiano / Aplicação de imagens de satélite para o desenvolvimento de uma assinatura espectral na produção de milho sob condições do trópico médio colombiano

Abstract Maize is currently the world's second largest crop in terms of production, after wheat and rice. It is the first cereal as for grain yield per hectare and the second, after wheat, regarding total production. Maize has great economic importance worldwide, both as human and/ or animal food, and as a source of a large number of industrial products. New digital technologies are allowing greater monitoring of farming production stages. This research developed the spectral signature of maize fields ground covers across different growth stages (2 months, 2.3 months and 4.3 months). Similarly this research paper proposes the application of a methodology based on four phases: 1. Maize crop georeferencing, 2. Satellite images selection, 3. Radiometric calibration of images 4. Spectral signature development of maize crops. Spectral response or signature of maize crops at visible and near-infrared wavelengths was obtained, indicating significant changes in crops growth. The use of satellite imagery becomes an interesting tool that introduces an approach towards more accurate and controlled monitoring systems in agricultural production.

Resumen El maíz es actualmente el segundo cultivo más grande del mundo en términos de producción, después del trigo y el arroz. Es el primer cereal en cuanto al rendimiento de grano por hectárea y el segundo, después del trigo, con respecto a la producción total. El maíz tiene una gran importancia económica en todo el mundo, tanto como alimento humano y/o animal, como fuente de una gran cantidad de productos industriales. Las nuevas tecnologías digitales están permitiendo un mayor seguimiento de las etapas de producción agrícola. Esta investigación desarrolló la firma espectral de los cultivos de maíz en diferentes etapas de crecimiento (2 meses, 2,3 meses y 4,3 meses). De manera similar, este trabajo de investigación propone la aplicación de una metodología basada en cuatro fases: 1. Georreferenciación de cultivos de maíz, 2. Selección de imágenes satelitales, 3. Calibración radiométrica de imágenes, 4. Desarrollo de firmas espectrales de cultivos de maíz. Se obtuvo una respuesta espectral o firma de cultivos de maíz en longitudes de onda del visible e infrarrojos cercanos, lo que indica cambios significativos en el crecimiento de los cultivos. El uso de imágenes satelitales se convierte en una herramienta interesante que introduce un enfoque hacia sistemas de monitoreo más precisos y controlados en la producción agrícola.

Resumo O milho é atualmente a segunda maior safra em termo de produção, depois de trigo e arroz. É o primeiro cereal em termos de rendimento de grãos por hectare e o segundo, após o trigo, em relação a produção total. O milho é de grande importância econômica em todo o mundo, tanto como alimento humano e/ou animal, como fonte de muitos produtos industriais. As novas tecnologias digitais estão permitindo um maior monitoramento das etapas de produção agrícola. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu a assinatura espectral de plantios de milho em diferentes estágios de crescimento (2 meses, 2,3 meses e 4,3 meses). Da mesma forma, este trabalho de pesquisa propõe a aplicação de uma metodologia baseada em quatro fases: 1. Georreferenciamento de plantios de milho. 2. Seleção de imagens de satélite, 3. Calibração radiométrica de imagens, 4. Desenvolvimento de assinaturas espectrais de plantios de milho. Foi obtida uma resposta espectral ou assinatura de plantios de milho em comprimentos de onda visível e infravermelho próximos, indicando mudanças significativas no crescimento dos plantios. O uso de imagens de satélite torna-se uma ferramenta interessante que introduz uma abordagem para sistemas de monitoramento mais precisos e controlados na produção agrícola.

Evolución de la función pulmonar en niños con fibrosis quística durante los primeros 3 años de vida / Course of lung function in children with cystic fibrosis in their first 3 years of life

Introducción. La prevención temprana de las complicaciones respiratorias en niños con fibrosis quística determina una mayor sobrevida. La aplicación de pruebas de función pulmonar desde los primeros meses de vida permite detectar el compromiso respiratorio, inclusive en niños asintomáticos. Objetivo. Evaluar la evolución de la función pulmonar en niños con fibrosis quística durante los primeros 3 años de vida e identificar aquellos factores que la comprometen. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron menores de 36 meses con, al menos, dos estudios funcionales respiratorios. Resultados. Entre 2008 y 2016, se incluyeron 48 pacientes, de los cuales el 85 % fue diagnosticado por pesquisa neonatal. La primera evaluación funcional respiratoria fue a los 5 meses. La mediana de puntaje Z de flujo máximo a nivel de la capacidad residual funcional fue de -0,05 (intervalo intercuartil: de -1,09 a 1,08). La mediana de cambio del puntaje Z del flujo máximo entre las evaluaciones fue de -0,32 (intervalo intercuartil: de -1,11 a 0,25), p = 0,045. Los pacientes con infecciones respiratorias por Staphylococcus aureus, especialmente los resistentes a meticilina, evidenciaron una mayor declinación de la función pulmonar comparados con los no infectados. Ni el sexo ni el tipo de mutación genética se asociaron a la evolución respiratoria. Se evidenció una muy buena recuperación nutricional a lo largo del estudio. Conclusión. Los niños con fibrosis quística presentan una función pulmonar que, progresivamente, desmejora durante los primeros 3 años de vida. Estos hallazgos se asocian a las infecciones respiratorias por Staphylococcus aureus.

Introduction. The early prevention of respiratory complications in children with cystic fibrosis is determining for a longer survival. The implementation of lung function tests in the first months of life allows to detect respiratory involvement, even in asymptomatic children. Objective. To assess the course of lung function in children with cystic fibrosis in their first 3 years of life and identify the factors affecting it. Population and methods. Observational, retrospective, analytical study. Children younger than 36 months with at least 2 lung function tests were included. Results. Between 2008 and 2016, 48 patients were included; 85 % of them had been diagnosed by newborn screening. The first lung function test was done at 5 months old. The median Z-score of maximal flow at functional residual capacity was -0.05 (interquartile range: -1.09 to 1.08). The median change in the maximal flow Z-score between tests was -0.32 (interquartile range: -1.11 to 0.25), p = 0.045. Patients with Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infections, especially methicillin-resistant SA, evidenced a greater deterioration of lung function compared to those without infection. Neither sex nor the type of genetic mutation were associated with the course of lung function. Nutritional recovery throughout the study was really good. Conclusion. Lung function in children with cystic fibrosis worsens progressively during their first 3 years of life. These findings are associated with Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infections.

Course of lung function in children with cystic fibrosis in their first 3 years of life. / Evolución de la función pulmonar en niños con fibrosis quística durante los primeros 3 años de vida.

INTRODUCTION: The early prevention of respiratory complications in children with cystic fibrosis is determining for a longer survival. The implementation of lung function tests in the first months of life allows to detect respiratory involvement, even in asymptomatic children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the course of lung function in children with cystic fibrosis in their first 3 years of life and identify the factors affecting it. POPULATION AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective, analytical study. Children younger than 36 months with at least 2 lung function tests were included. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2016, 48 patients were included; 85 % of them had been diagnosed by newborn screening. The first lung function test was done at 5 months old. The median Z-score of maximal flow at functional residual capacity was -0.05 (interquartile range: -1.09 to 1.08). The median change in the maximal flow Z-score between tests was -0.32 (interquartile range: -1.11 to 0.25), p = 0.045. Patients with Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infections, especially methicillin-resistant SA, evidenced a greater deterioration of lung function compared to those without infection. Neither sex nor the type of genetic mutation were associated with the course of lung function. Nutritional recovery throughout the study was really good. CONCLUSION: Lung function in children with cystic fibrosis worsens progressively during their first 3 years of life. These findings are associated with Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infections.

Introducción. La prevención temprana de las complicaciones respiratorias en niños con fibrosis quística determina una mayor sobrevida. La aplicación de pruebas de función pulmonar desde los primeros meses de vida permite detectar el compromiso respiratorio, inclusive en niños asintomáticos. Objetivo. Evaluar la evolución de la función pulmonar en niños con fibrosis quística durante los primeros 3 años de vida e identificar aquellos factores que la comprometen. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron menores de 36 meses con, al menos, dos estudios funcionales respiratorios. Resultados. Entre 2008 y 2016, se incluyeron 48 pacientes, de los cuales el 85 % fue diagnosticado por pesquisa neonatal. La primera evaluación funcional respiratoria fue a los 5 meses. La mediana de puntaje Z de flujo máximo a nivel de la capacidad residual funcional fue de ­0,05 (intervalo intercuartil: de -1,09 a 1,08). La mediana de cambio del puntaje Z del flujo máximo entre las evaluaciones fue de -0,32 (intervalo intercuartil: de -1,11 a 0,25), p = 0,045. Los pacientes con infecciones respiratorias por Staphylococcus aureus, especialmente los resistentes a meticilina, evidenciaron una mayor declinación de la función pulmonar comparados con los no infectados. Ni el sexo ni el tipo de mutación genética se asociaron a la evolución respiratoria. Se evidenció una muy buena recuperación nutricional a lo largo del estudio. Conclusión. Los niños con fibrosis quística presentan una función pulmonar que, progresivamente, desmejora durante los primeros 3 años de vida. Estos hallazgos se asocian a las infecciones respiratorias por Staphylococcus aureus.

High-throughput targeted gene deletion in the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune using pre-assembled Cas9 ribonucleoproteins.

Efficient gene deletion methods are essential for the high-throughput study of gene function. Compared to most ascomycete model systems, gene deletion is more laborious in mushroom-forming basidiomycetes due to the relatively low incidence of homologous recombination (HR) and relatively high incidence of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Here, we describe the use of pre-assembled Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to efficiently delete the homeodomain transcription factor gene hom2 in the mushroom-forming basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune by replacing it with a selectable marker. All components (Cas9 protein, sgRNA, and repair template with selectable marker) were supplied to wild type protoplasts by PEG-mediated transformation, abolishing the need to optimize the expression of cas9 and sgRNAs. A Δku80 background further increased the efficiency of gene deletion. A repair template with homology arms of 250 bp was sufficient to efficiently induce homologous recombination. This is the first report of the use of pre-assembled Cas9 RNPs in a mushroom-forming basidiomycete and this approach may also improve the genetic accessibility of non-model species.

Comparative genotyping and phenotyping of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from humans, dogs and the environment.

BACKGROUND: Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprotrophic fungus and an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Humans and animals can inhale hundreds of A. fumigatus spores daily. Normally this is harmless for humans, but in case of immunodeficiency, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) can develop with a high mortality rate. A. fumigatus also causes non-invasive mycoses like sino-nasal aspergillosis (SNA) in dogs. RESULTS: In this study we compared A. fumigatus isolates from humans with suspected IPA, dogs with SNA, and a set of environmental isolates. Phylogenetic inference based on calmodulin (CaM) and beta-tubulin (benA) sequences did not reveal A. fumigatus sub-groups linked to the origin of the isolates. Genotyping and microsatellite analysis showed that each dog was infected by one A. fumigatus genotype, whereas human patients had mixed infections. Azole resistance was determined by antifungal susceptibility testing and sequencing of the cyp51A gene. A total of 12 out of 29 human isolates and 1 out of 27 environmental isolates were azole resistant. Of the azole resistant strains, 11 human isolates showed TR34/L98H (n = 6) or TR46/Y121F/T289A (n = 5). Phenotypically, isolates from dogs were more variable in growth speed and morphology when compared to those isolated from human and the environment. CONCLUSIONS: 1. A. fumigatus from dogs with SNA are phenotypically very diverse in contrast to their environmental and human counterparts. 2. Phenotypic variability can be induced during the chronic infection process in the sinus of the dogs. The basis of this heterogeneity might be due to genomic differences and/or epigenetic variations. 3. Differences in dogs is a could be a result of within-host adaption and might be triggered by environmental factors in the sinus, however this hypothesis still needs to be tested.

Expression profile analysis reveals that Aspergillus fumigatus but not Aspergillus niger makes type II epithelial lung cells less immunological alert.

BACKGROUND: Aspergillus fumigatus is the main causative agent of aspergillosis. Infections rarely occur in immunocompetent individuals, indicating efficient clearance of conidia by pulmonary defense mechanisms. Other aspergilli like Aspergillus niger also cause infections but to a much lesser extent. Our previous studies showed that A. fumigatus and A. niger have different behavior in the presence of type II alveolar A549 epithelial cells. A. fumigatus conidia are more efficiently internalized by these cells and germination is delayed when compared to A. niger. In addition, hyphae that have escaped the epithelial cells grow parallel to the epithelium, while A. niger grows away from this cell layer. RESULTS: Here it is shown that global gene expression of A. fumigatus and A. niger is markedly different upon contact with A549 cells. A total of 545 and 473 genes of A. fumigatus and A. niger, respectively, were differentially expressed when compared to growth in the absence of A549 cells. Notably, only 53 genes (approximately 10%) were shared in these gene sets. The different response was also illustrated by the fact that only 4 out of 75 GO terms were shared that were enriched in the differentially expressed gene sets. The orthologues of A. fumigatus genes involved in hypoxia regulation and heat shock were also up-regulated in A. niger, whereas thioredoxin reductase and allergen genes were found up-regulated in A. fumigatus but down-regulated in A. niger. Infection with A. fumigatus resulted in only 62 up and 47 down-regulated genes in A549. These numbers were 17 and 34 in the case of A. niger. GO terms related with immune response were down-regulated upon exposure to A. fumigatus but not in the case of A. niger. This indicates that A. fumigatus reprograms A549 to be less immunologically alert. CONCLUSIONS: Our dual transcriptomic analysis supports earlier observations of a marked difference in life style between A. fumigatus and A. niger when grown in the presence of type II epithelial cells. The results indicate important differences in gene expression, amongst others down regulation of immune response genes in lung epithelial cells by A. fumigatus but not by A niger.